In order to get the data of the social media and press, please send an e-mail to [email protected] writing full personal details, academic affiliation and the objective of the research.

How to cite the data

This dataset is provided free of charge for all those who wish to use it. Designing this study, retrieving the data, cleaning it, and preparing it for public use meant a lot of work. We are therefore grateful for your acknowledgment of our efforts by citing the database when you use it.

The suggested citation is the following:

Arcila Calderón, Carlos; Mariano Torcal Loriente, Inmaculada García and David Blanco-Herrero (2022). “The Triangle of Polarization, Political Confidence and Political Competition: Understanding its Dynamics in Five Contemporary Democracies”, Big Data Codebook.