No results founds

2026 (13)

Nunez D.; Wilhelmi F.; Galati-Giordano L.; Geraci G.; Bellalta B.. Improving Wi-Fi 8 latency with coordinated spatial reuse. IEEE Communications Standards Magazine 2026; 10(2): 316-322.

Fernández-Martínez, Carolina; Siddiqui, Shuaib; Daza, Vanesa. A knowledge-based multi-agent framework for security control recommendation. Knowledge-Based Systems 2026; 351A: .

Guler B.; Geraci G.; Jafarkhani H.. A Multi-Task Foundation Model for Wireless Channel Representation Using Contrastive and Masked Autoencoder Learning. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 2026; 44: 4489-4504.

Granelli F.; Lu Y.P.; Wu Q.; Yuan Z.; Abdalla A.S.; Marojevic V.; Jiang Y.; Afghah F.; Geraci G.; Mukherjee A.; Baidya S.; Grieco G.; Yaqoob A.; Hassan M.A.; Namuduri K.; Prasad R.R.V.; Lahlou L.; Sengendo J.; Muntean G.M.. A survey on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) communications: state-of-the-art, existing standards, and future directions. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society 2026; 7: 3000-3045.

Agorio, Leopoldo; Cerviño, Juan; Calvo-Fullana, Miguel; Ribeiro, Alejandro; Bazerque, Juan Andrés. Cross-learning from scarce data via multi-task constrained optimization. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 2026; 74: 3390-3403.

Benzaghta M.; Ammar S.; Lopez-Pere D.; Shihada B.; Geraci G.. Data-driven cellular mobility management via Bayesian optimization and reinforcement learning. IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking 2026; 4: 228-244.

Beyraghi S.; Shabanpour J.; Geraci G.; Almasan P.; Lozano A.. Data-Driven Deployment of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces in Cellular Networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 2026; 44: 2938-2951.

Do H.; Lozano A.. Optimum discrete beamforming via Minkowski sum of polygons. IEEE Signal Processing Letters 2026; 33: 1082-1085.

Macaluso S.; Geraci G.; Combarro E.F.; Abadal S.; Arapakis I.; Vallecorsa S.; Alarcon E.. Quantum Computing for Large-Scale Network Optimization: Opportunities and Challenges. IEEE Communications Magazine 2026; 0(0): 1-7.

Amaya-Corredor S.; Calvo-Fullana M.; Jonsson A.. Scalable Constrained Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning via State Augmentation and Consensus for Separable Dynamics. Transactions on Machine Learning Research 2026; 2026-May(0): .

Zhu J.; Feng C.; Geraci G.; Liu C.; Zhang M.; Yang H.H.. The Meta Distribution of the SINR in Joint Communication and Sensing Networks. IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering 2026; 13: 8462-8480.

Geraci, Giovanni; Meneghello, Francesca; Wilhelmi, Francesc; Lopez-Perez, David; Val, Iñaki; Giordano, Lorenzo Galati.; Cordeiro, Carlos; Ghosh, Monisha; Knightly, Edward; Bellalta, Boris. Wi-Fi: 25 Years and Counting. Proceedings of the IEEE 2026; 113(11): 1290-1336.

Wilhelmi F.; Bellalta B.; Casasnovas M.; Kijanka A.; Calvo-Fullana M.. Decentralized Spatial Reuse Optimization in Wi-Fi: An Internal Regret Minimization Approach. In: -. 2026 Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications & 6G Summit (EuCNC/6G Summit). . New York: IEEE Xplore; 2026. p. 254-259.

2025 (26)

Carrascosa-Zamacois M, Galati-Giordano L, Wilhelmi F, Fontanesi G, Jonsson A, Geraci G, Bellalta B. XR Streaming Performance with Wi-Fi 7 Multi-Link Operation. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society; 2025.

Bellalta B, Wilhelmi F, Galati-Giordano L, Geraci G. Performance Analysis of IEEE 802.11 bn Non-Primary Channel Access. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society; 2025.

Nuñez D, Wilhelmi F, Galati-Giordano L, Geraci G, Bellalta B. Improving Wi-Fi 8 Latency with Coordinated Spatial Reuse. IEEE Communications Standards Magazine; 2025.

Ullah M.A.; Kramar V.; Kaariaho V.A.; Semkin V.; Brilhante D.; Alshaer H.; Cleary C.; Geraci G.. 5G Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance: A Vision and Future Research Perspectives. Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance Conference: proceedings 2025; : .

Diaz-Vilor C.; Lozano A.; Jafarkhani H.. A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Wildfire Tracking with UAV Swarms. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 2025; 0(0): 1-1.

Zapico A; Gabizon A; Khovratovich D; Maller M; Ràfols C. Baloo: Algebraic Lookup Arguments. IACR Communications in Cryptology 2025; 2(2): .

Sadeghian M.; Lozano A.; Fodor G.. Beamforming Saturation in Two-Timescale RIS-Assisted Communication. IEEE International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications: proceedings 2025; 0(0): .

Karimi-Bidhendi S.; Geraci G.; Jafarkhani H.. Capacity and Coverage Optimization of Cellular Network Deployments for UAV Corridors. IEEE International Conference on Communications: proceedings 2025; 0(0): 4389-4394.

Lopez-Perez D.; Piovesan N.; Geraci G.. Capacity and Power Consumption of Multi-Layer 6G Networks Using the Upper Mid-Band. IEEE International Conference on Communications: proceedings 2025; 0(0): 747-752.

Benzaghta M.; Geraci G.; Lopez-Perez D.; Valcarce A.. Cellular Network Design for UAV Corridors via Data-driven High-dimensional Bayesian Optimization. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 2025; : .

Benzaghta M.; Geraci G.; Lopez-Perez D.; Valcarce A.. Data-Driven Optimization and Transfer Learning for Cellular Network Antenna Configurations. Proceedings on IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference 2025; : .

Beyraghi S.; Interdonato G.; Geraci G.; Buzzi S.; Lozano A.. Evaluating the Performance of Reconfigurable Intelligent Base Stations through Ray Tracing. IEEE International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications: proceedings 2025; 0(0): .

Cordeiro C, Knightly E, Geraci G, Widmer J, Smith M, Jones VK. Guest Editorial: The Future of Wi-Fi and Wireless Technologies in Unlicensed Spectra. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 2025; 43(11): 3612-3615.

Bellalta B.; Wilhelmi F.; Giordano L.G.; Geraci G.. Modeling and Performance Analysis of Non-Primary Channel Access in Wi-Fi Networks. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society 2025; 6(0): 7782-7794.

Do H.; Lee N.; Lozano A.. Multidimensional Polynomial Phase Estimation. IEEE Open Journal of Signal Processing 2025; 6: 651-681.

Pizzo, Andrea; Lozano Solsona, Angel. Mutual coupling in holographic MIMO: physical modeling and information-theoretic analysis. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Information Theory 2025; 6: 111-126.

Sadeghian M.; Lozano A.; Fodor G.. Pilot-to-Data Power Ratio in RIS-Assisted Multiantenna Communication. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters 2025; 0(0): 1-1.

Sadeghian, Masoud; Lozano Solsona, Angel; Fodor, Gabor. Saturation in two-timescale RIS beamforming. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society 2025; 6: 10111-10122.

Oughton E.J.; Geraci G.; Polese M.; Ghosh M.; Webb W.; Bubley D.. The Future of Wireless Broadband in the Peak Smartphone Era: 6G, Wi-Fi 7, and Wi-Fi 8. IEEE Wireless Communications 2025; : 1-8.

Fu, Yu; Lozano Solsona, Angel; Yang, Hongwen. Variable-rate incremental-redundancy HARQ for finite blocklengths. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society 2025; 6(0): 1413-1422.

Wang F.; Geraci G.; Li L.; Wang P.; Quek T.Q.S.. Wireless Edge Content Broadcast via Integrated Terrestrial and Non-terrestrial Networks. IEEE Transactions on Communications 2025; 0(0): .

Carrascosa-Zamacois M.; Galati-Giordano L.; Wilhelmi F.; Fontanesi G.; Jonsson A.; Geraci G.; Bellalta B.. XR Streaming Performance With Wi-Fi 7 Multi-Link Operation. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society 2025; 6: 6477-6490.

Ibañez M.R.; Akhtarshenas A.; Lopez-Perez D.; Geraci G.. Optimizing UAV Aerial Base Station Flights Using DRL-based Proximal Policy Optimization. In: -. -. . : -; 2025. p. 1293-1298.

Belles-Muñoz M, Daza V. Chaum Blind Signature Scheme. In: Jajodia S., Samarati P., Yung M. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Cryptography, Security and Privacy, Third Edition. . : Springer Nature; 2025. p. 353-355.

Belles-Muñoz M.; Daza V.. Self-Sovereign Identity. In: Jajodia S., Samarati P., Yung M. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Cryptography, Security and Privacy, Third Edition. . : Springer Nature; 2025. p. 2359-2361.

Fernández-Martínez C, Siddiqui S, Daza V.. A Bayesian network approach for enhancing security-focused decision support systems. In: Fernández-Martínez C, Siddiqui S, Daza V.. 50th IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN 2025). . : ; 2025. p. 1-7.

2024 (22)

Oughton E.; Geraci G.; Polese M.; Shah V.; Bubley D.; Blue S.. Reviewing wireless broadband technologies in the peak smartphone era: 6G versus Wi-Fi 7 and 8. Telecommunications Policy 2024; : .

Calvo-Fullana M.; Paternain S.; Chamon L.F.O.; Ribeiro A.. State Augmented Constrained Reinforcement Learning: Overcoming the Limitations of Learning With Rewards. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 2024; 69(7): .

Giuliani A.; Nikbakht R.; Geraci G.; Kang S.; Lozano A.; Rangan S.. Spatially Consistent Air-to-Ground Channel Modeling via Generative Neural Networks. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters 2024; 13(4): 1158-1162.

Carrascosa-Zamacois M.; Geraci G.; Knightly E.; Bellalta B.. Wi-Fi Multi-Link Operation: An Experimental Study of Latency and Throughput. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 2024; 0(0): .

Campolo, Federico; Blaga, Andra; Rea, Maurizio; Lozano Solsona, Angel; Costa-Perez, Xavier. 5GNSS: fusion of 5G-NR and GNSS localization for enhanced positioning accuracy and reliability. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 2024; (73): 13558-13568.

Calvo-Fullana M.; Gerasimenko M.; Mox D.; Agorio L.; del Castillo M.; Kumar V.; Ribeiro A.; Andres Bazerque J.. A Networked Multi-Agent System for Mobile Wireless Infrastructure on Demand. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 2024; 40(0): .

Rawat A, Vangani TK, Cornelius H, Daza V. Accelerating Prolly Trees: Simplified Chunking for Rapid Updates. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2024; 3791(0): .

Diaz-Vilor, Carles; Lozano Solsona, Angel; Jafarkhani, Hamid. Cell-free UAV networks with wireless fronthaul: analysis and optimization. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 2024; 23(3): 2054-2069.

Kirshanova E.; Marcolla C.; Rovira S.. Guidance for Efficient Selection of Secure Parameters for Fully Homomorphic Encryption. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) 2024; 14861 LNCS(0): 376-400.

Do H.; Lee N.; Heath R.W.; Lozano A.. Hybrid Arrays: How Many RF Chains Are Required to Prevent Beam Squint?. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 2024; : 1-1.

Elbir AM, Mishra KV, Demir OT, Bjornson E, Lozano A. Introduction to the Special Issue Near-Field Signal Processing: Algorithms, Implementations and Applications. IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Signal Processing 2024; 18(4): 541-545.

Bernabe M.; Lopez-Perez D.; Piovesan N.; Geraci G.; Gesbert D.. Massive MIMO for Aerial Highways: Enhancing Cell Selection via SSB Beams Optimization. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society 2024; 5(0): 3975-3996.

Karimi-Bidhendi S.; Geraci G.; Jafarkhani H.. Optimizing Cellular Networks for UAV Corridors via Quantization Theory. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 2024; 23(10): 14924-14939.

Amine O; Baghery K; Pindado Z; Ràfols C. Simulation extractable versions of Groth's zk-SNARK revisited. International Journal of Information Security 2024; 23(1): 431-445.

Pizzo A, Lozano A. Superdirectivity in Linear Holographic MIMO. IEEE International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications: proceedings 2024; 0(0): 386-390.

Kang S.; Geraci G.; Mezzavilla M.; Rangan S.. Terrestrial-Satellite Spectrum Sharing in the Upper Mid-Band with Interference Nulling. IEEE International Conference on Communications: proceedings 2024; 0(0): 5057-5062.

Galati-Giordano L.; Geraci G.; Carrascosa M.; Bellalta B.. What will Wi-Fi 8 Be? A Primer on IEEE 802.11bn Ultra High Reliability. IEEE Communications Magazine 2024; 62(8): 126-132.

Nunez D, Wilhelmi F, Galati-Giordano L, Geraci G, Bellalta B. Spatial Reuse in IEEE 802.11bn Coordinated Multi-AP WLANs: A Throughput Analysis. In: -. 2024 IEEE Conference on Standards for Communications and Networking (CSCN). . : IEEE; 2024. . .

Carrascosa-Zamacois M., Galati-Giordano L., Wilhelmi F., Fontanesi G., Jonsson A., Geraci G., Bellalta B.. Performance Evaluation of MLO for XR Streaming: Can Wi-Fi 7 Meet the Expectations?. In: -. 2024 IEEE 29th International Workshop on Computer Aided Modeling and Design of Communication Links and Networks (CAMAD). . : IEEE; 2024. . .

McMenamin C, Daza V. A Blockchain-Based Decentralized and Incentive Compatible Distributed Computing Protocol. In: AA.VV.. 2024 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC). . : IEEE Publication; 2024. p. 240-244.

McMenamin C, Daza V. Private, anonymous, collateralizable commitments vs. MEV. In: AA.VV.. 2024 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC). . : IEEE Publication; 2024. p. 521-527.

Ma K, Feng C, Geraci G, Yang HH. The Meta Distribution of the SIR in Joint Communication and Sensing Networks. In: AA.VV.. 2024 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops). . : IEEE; 2024. p. 691-696.

2023 (29)

Galbraith S.; Gennaro R.; Rafols C.; Steinfeld R.. Guest editorial: Special issue on Mathematics of Zero-Knowledge. Designs, Codes, and Cryptography 2023; 0(0): .

Bellalta B.; Carrascosa M.; Galati-Giordano L.; Geraci G.. Delay Analysis of IEEE 802.11be Multi-Link Operation under Finite Load. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters 2023; 12(4): 595-599.

McMenamin C, Daza V. An AMM minimizing user-level extractable value and loss-versus-rebalancing. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2023; 3460: .

Karimi-Bidhendi S.; Geraci G.; Jafarkhani H.. Analysis of UAV Corridors in Cellular Networks. IEEE International Conference on Communications: proceedings 2023; : 2662-2667.

Diaz-Vilor C, Lozano A, Jafarkhani H. Cell-free UAV networks: asymptotic analysis and deployment optimization. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 2023; 22(5): 3055-3070.

Chamon LFO, Paternain S, Calvo-Fullana M, Ribeiro A. Constrained Learning with Non-Convex Losses. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 2023; 69(3): .

Park J, Rovira S. Efficient TFHE Bootstrapping in the Multiparty Setting. IEEE Access 2023; 111: 118625-118638.

Rafols C.; Zacharakis A.. Folding Schemes with Selective Verification. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) 2023; 14168: 229-248.

Wu Y, Larsson EG, Li J, Lozano A, Morin L, Xu M, Xiao C, Yang W. Guest Editorial Signal Processing for XR Communications and Systems. IEEE Open Journal of Signal Processing 2023; 17(5): 913-918.

Geraci G, Lopez-Perez D, Benzaghta M, Chatzinotas S. Integrating Terrestrial and Non-Terrestrial Networks: 3D Opportunities and Challenges. IEEE Communications Magazine 2023; 61(4): 42-48.

Do H, Lee N, Lozano A. Line-of-Sight MIMO via Intelligent Reflecting Surface. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 2023; 22(6): 4215-4231.

Rawat A, Daza V, Signorini M. Not Enough IoT After All: Visiting Transactional Characteristics of IoT Blockchains. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2023; 3460: .

Do H, Lee N, Lozano A. Parabolic Wavefront Model for Line-of-Sight MIMO Channels. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 2023; 22(11): 7620-7634.

Carrascosa-Zamacois M.; Galati-Giordano L.; Jonsson A.; Geraci G.; Bellalta B.. Performance and Coexistence Evaluation of IEEE 802.11be Multi-link Operation. Proceedings on IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference 2023; 2023-March(0): .

Mojahedian MM, Lozano A. Precoding and Reception for ULA-Based Wide-Aperture MIMO. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters 2023; 12(4): 654-658.

Paternain S, Calvo-Fullana M, Chamon LFO, Ribeiro A. Safe Policies for Reinforcement Learning via Primal-Dual Methods. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 2023; 68(3): .

De Carvalho Rodrigues E.; Valcarce Rial A.; Geraci G.. Towards Mobility Management with Multi-Objective Bayesian Optimization. Proceedings on IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference 2023; 2023-March(0): .

Bjornson E, Eldar YC, Larsson EG, Lozano A, Poor HV. Twenty-Five Years of Signal Processing Advances for Multiantenna Communications: From theory to mainstream technology. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 2023; 40(4): 107-117.

Bjornson E, Eldar YC, Larsson EG, Lozano A, Poor HV. Twenty-Five Years of Signal Processing Advances for Multiantenna Communications: From theory to mainstream technology. Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 2023; 40(4): 107-117.

Pizzo A, Lozano A, Rangan S, Marzetta TL. Wide-Aperture MIMO via Reflection off a Smooth Surface. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 2023; 0(0): .

Preetam S, Compastie M, Daza V, Siddiqui S. An Approach for Intelligent Behaviour-Based Threat Modelling with Explanations. In: -. 2023 IEEE Conference on Network Function Virtualization and Software Defined Networks, NFV-SDN 2023 - Proceedings. . : ; 2023. p. 197-200.

Lu Y, Yang HH, Pappas N, Geraci G, Ma C, Quek TQS. Analysis of Age of Information in Non-terrestrial Networks. In: -. 2023 IEEE Globecom Workshops, GC Wkshps 2023. . : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; 2023. p. 239-244.

Bernabe M, Lopez-Perez D, Piovesan N, Geraci G, Gesbert D. A Novel Metric for mMIMO Base Station Association for Aerial Highway Systems. In: -. 2023 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops: Sustainable Communications for Renaissance, ICC Workshops 2023. . : ; 2023. p. 1063-1068.

Do H, Lee N, Lozano A. Validity of the Parabolic Wavefront Model for Near-Field MIMO. In: -. 2023 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops: Sustainable Communications for Renaissance, ICC Workshops 2023. . : ; 2023. p. 1185-1190.

Sadeghian M, Pizzo A, Lozano A. RIS in Indoor Environments: Benchmarking Against Ambient Propagation. In: -. Conference Record - Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers. . : IEEE Computer Society; 2023. p. 127-133.

Wilhelmi F, Galati-Giordano L, Geraci G, Bellalta B, Fontanesi G, Nunez D. Throughput Analysis of IEEE 802.11bn Coordinated Spatial Reuse. In: -. IEEE Conference on Standards for Communications and Networking. . : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; 2023. p. 401-407.

Carrascosa-Zamacois M, Geraci G, Galati-Giordano L, Jonsson A, Bellalta B. Understanding Multi-link Operation in Wi-Fi 7: Performance, Anomalies, and Solutions. In: -. IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC. . : ; 2023. . .

Benzaghta M, Geraci G, López-Pérez D, Valcarce A. Designing Cellular Networks for UAV Corridors via Bayesian Optimization. In: -. Proceedings - IEEE Global Communications Conference, GLOBECOM. . : -; 2023. p. 4552-4557.

Wang F, Geraci G, Quek TQS. Optimizing Cache Content Placement in Integrated Terrestrial and Non-terrestrial Networks. In: -. Proceedings - IEEE Global Communications Conference, GLOBECOM. . : -; 2023. p. 6609-6614.

2022 (24)

Geraci G.; Garcia-Rodriguez A.; Azari M.M.; Lozano A.; Mezzavilla M.; Chatzinotas S.; Chen Y.; Rangan S.; Renzo M.D.. What Will the Future of UAV Cellular Communications Be? A Flight from 5G to 6G. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials 2022; 24(3): 1304-1335.

Carrascosa M.; Geraci G.; Knightly E.; Bellalta B.. An experimental study of latency for IEEE 802.11be multi-link operation.. IEEE International Conference on Communications: proceedings 2022; : 2507-2512.

Franzoni F, Salleras X, Daza V. AToM: Active topology monitoring for the bitcoin peer-to-peer network. Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications 2022; (15): 408-425.

Franzoni F, Daza V. Clover: An anonymous transaction relay protocol for the bitcoin P2P network. Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications 2022; (15): 290-303.

Mazorra B, Adan V, Daza V. Do Not Rug on Me: Leveraging Machine Learning Techniques for Automated Scam Detection. Mathematics 2022; 10(6): 1-24.

Do H, Lee N, Lozano A. DOF Augmentation via IRS for Line-of-Sight Communication. Conference Record / Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers 2022; 2022-Octo(0): 397-402.

Salleras X, Rovira S, Daza V. FORT: right-proving and attribute-blinding self-sovereign authentication. Mathematics 2022; 10(4): 1-18.

Xia W, Rangan S, Mezzavilla M, Lozano A, Geraci G, Semkin V, Loianno G. Generative Neural Network Channel Modeling for Millimeter-Wave UAV Communication. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 2022; 21(11): 9417-9431.

Alegria JV, Rusek F, Lozano A. Impact of Quantization in Decentralized Processing for Large Multi-Antenna Architectures. Conference Record / Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers 2022; 2022-Octo(0): 1351-1356.

Pizzo A, Lozano A, Rangan S, Marzetta T. Line-of-sight MIMO via reflection from a smooth surface. IEEE VTS ... Vehicular Technology Conference : VTC : [proceedings] 2022; : 1-5.